📐 Formulas
Excel · Maths · Science · Economics — the formulas people actually search for, with examples.
📊 Excel / Spreadsheet formulas
| Formula | What it does | Example |
|---|
=SUM(A1:A10) | Adds all numbers in a range | Total of marks A1 to A10 |
=AVERAGE(A1:A10) | Mean of a range | Average marks |
=IF(A1>40,"Pass","Fail") | Conditional result | Pass if marks > 40 |
=VLOOKUP(E2,A:B,2,FALSE) | Find a value in a table | Look up a price by product code |
=COUNTIF(A:A,"Kathmandu") | Count matching cells | Count rows with "Kathmandu" |
=SUMIF(A:A,"East",B:B) | Sum where condition matches | Total sales of East region |
=CONCATENATE(A1," ",B1) | Join text (or use &) | First name + Last name |
=TODAY() | Current date (updates daily) | Age = =TODAY()-B1 |
=MAX(A:A) / =MIN(A:A) | Highest / lowest value | Top score in class |
=ROUND(A1,2) | Round to N decimal places | Money to 2 decimals |
➗ Maths formulas
| Name | Formula | Example |
|---|
| Pythagoras | a² + b² = c² | 3² + 4² = 5² |
| Quadratic roots | x = (−b ± √(b²−4ac)) / 2a | x²−5x+6 → x=2, x=3 |
| Circle area | A = πr² | r=7 → A ≈ 153.94 |
| Circle circumference | C = 2πr | r=7 → C ≈ 43.98 |
| Triangle area | A = ½ × base × height | b=10, h=6 → A=30 |
| Compound interest | A = P(1 + r/n)nt | P=1000, r=10%, t=2yr (n=1) → 1210 |
| Simple interest | SI = P × R × T / 100 | P=1000, R=10, T=2 → SI=200 |
| Percentage change | (new − old)/old × 100% | 50→75 = +50% |
| Slope of a line | m = (y₂−y₁)/(x₂−x₁) | (1,2),(3,6) → m=2 |
| Distance (speed×time) | d = s × t | 60 km/h for 2h = 120 km |
🔬 Science formulas
| Name | Formula | Meaning |
|---|
| Speed | v = d / t | velocity = distance ÷ time |
| Acceleration | a = (v−u)/t | change in velocity per second |
| Force (Newton's 2nd law) | F = m × a | force = mass × acceleration |
| Weight | W = m × g | g ≈ 9.8 m/s² on Earth |
| Kinetic energy | KE = ½mv² | energy of motion |
| Potential energy | PE = mgh | energy of height |
| Density | ρ = m / V | mass per unit volume |
| Pressure | P = F / A | force per unit area |
| Ohm's law | V = I × R | voltage = current × resistance |
| Power (electrical) | P = V × I | watts = volts × amps |
💰 Economics & business formulas
| Name | Formula | Meaning |
|---|
| Profit | Profit = Revenue − Cost | the basics of business |
| Profit margin % | (Profit / Revenue) × 100 | profit per 100 rupees of sales |
| Demand curve (linear) | Q = a − bP | quantity falls as price rises |
| Price elasticity | Ed = %ΔQ / %ΔP | how demand reacts to price |
| GDP (expenditure) | GDP = C + I + G + (X − M) | Consumption+Investment+Govt+Net exports |
| Inflation rate | (CPI₂ − CPI₁)/CPI₁ × 100 | price rise between years |
| Unemployment rate | (Unemployed / Labour force) × 100 | share of workforce without jobs |
| Break-even quantity | Q = Fixed cost / (Price − Variable cost) | units to sell before profit |
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